Electoral college :: essays research papers

A common misconception among American is that when they vote they elect the President. The truth is not nearly this simple. What in fact happens when a person votes is that there vote goes for an Elector. This Elector (who is selected by the respective state in which a vote is cast) casts ballots for two individuals, the President and the Vice-President. Each state has the same number of electors as there are Senate and House of Representative members for that State. When the voting has stopped the candidate who receives the majority of the Electoral votes for a state receives all the electoral votes for that state. All the votes are transmitted to Washington, D.C. for tallying, and the candidate with the majority of the electoral votes wins the presidency. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote, the responsibility of selecting the next President falls upon the House of Representatives. This elaborate system of Presidential selection is thought by many to be an 18th century anachronism (Hoxie p. 717), what it is in fact is the product of a 200 year old debate over who should select the President and why. In 1787, the Framers in their infinite wisdom, saw the need to respect the principles of both Federalists and States Righters (republicans) (Hoxie p. 717). Summarily a compromise was struck between those who felt Congress should select the President and those who felt the states should have a say. In 1788 the Electoral College was indoctrinated and placed into operation. The College was to allow people a say in who lead them, but was also to protect against the general public's ignorance of politics. Why the fear of the peoples ignorance of politics? It was argued that the people, left to their own devices could be swayed by a few designing men to elect a king or demagogue (McManus p. 19). With the Electoral College in place the people could make a screened decision about who the highest authority in the land was to be (Bailey & Shafritz (p. 60); at the same time the fear of the newly formed nation being destroyed by a demagogue could be put to rest because wiser men had the final sa y. 200 years later the system is still designed to safeguard against the ignorant capacities of the people. The Electoral College has remained relatively unchanged in form and function since 1787, the year of its formulation.

Defining Prejudice Essay

Prejudice-a preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members. -prejudice is an attitude. The negative evaluations that mark prejudice often are supported by negative beliefs called stereotypes. Forms of prejudice Stereotype – a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes are sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. Discrimination- unjustified negative behaviour toward a group or its members. Racism- an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race or institutional practices that subordinate people of a given race. Sexism- an individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given sex. Racial prejudice In the context of the world, Every race is a minority. Most folks see prejudice in other people. -is racial prejudice disappearing? -in 1942 most Americans agreed that there should be separate sections for negroes on streetcars and buses. -parents both black and white suggested that their children should know the history of blacks and whites. -most black and white would likely to vote a black American for president. In the United States, whites tend to compare the present with the oppressive past and to perceive swift and radical progress. Blacks tend to compare their present with their ideal world, which has not yet been realized, and to perceive somewhat less progress. Gender Prejudice – people’s prejudgment on others based on gender. Gender Stereotype – are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or groups. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they rarely communicate accurate information about others. When people automatically apply gender assumptions to others regardless of evidence to the contrary, they are perpetuating gender stereotyping. Many people recognize the dangers of gender stereotyping, yet continue to make these types of generalizations. the female stereotypic  role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family’s welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career†focused; hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. These sorts of stereotypes can prove harmful; they can stifle individual expression and creativity, as well as hinder personal and professional growth. Ambivalent Sexism – Ambivalent sexism is an ideology composed of both a â€Å"hostile† and â€Å"benevolent† prejudice toward women. Hostile sexism is an antagonistic attitude toward women, who are often viewed as trying to control men through feminist ideology or sexual seduction. Benevolent sexism is a chivalrous attitude toward women that feels favorable but is actually sexist because it casts women as weak creatures in need of men’s protection. What causes ambivalent sexism? According to Professors Glick and Fiske, sexist ambivalence is the result of two basic facts about relations between women and men: male dominance (patriarchy) and interdependence between the sexes. Male dominance is prevalent across cultures, with men dominating high status roles in business, government, religious institutions, and so forth. Hostile sexism arises in large part because dominant groups tend to create hostile ideologies concerning the inferiority of other groups. Despite male dominance, however, men are often highly dependent upon women as wives, mothers, and romantic partners. This dependence fosters benevolent sexism, which recognizes women as valuable and attractive (an attitude not generally present in prejudices such as racism, anti-Semitism, and homophobia, in which the targets of prejudice are typically shunned or loathed). Gender Discrimination – Discrimination based on gender or sex Where and When Can Gender Discrimination Occur? Employment – Including claims that a potential employer asked discriminatory questions based on gender during the interview process; claims that an employer failed to hire, failed to promote, or wrongfully terminated an  employee based on his or her gender; unequal pay claims; and claims for sexual harassment of employees. Education – Including claims for exclusion from educational programs or opportunities based on gender; and claims for sexual harassment of students. Housing – Including claims for refusal to negotiate with a person seeking housing, claims for imposition of different lease/contract terms, and claims for refusal to extend a loan based on the gender of the applicant/tenant/buyer. Borrowing / Credit – Including claims for refusal to extend credit, claims for imposition of unequal loan terms, and claims arising from improper inquiries during the credit/loan approval process, based on the gender of the applicant. 3 SOURCES OF PREJUDICE Social Source Emotional Source Cognitive Source Social Sources of Prejudice The self-fulfilling prophecy: where a belief is accepted as truth, & in stating it, becomes true. Stereotype Threat Stereotype threat is â€Å"the threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype, or the fear of doing something that would inadvertently confirm that stereotype,† such as the stereotype that women perform poorly in math. Some students try to escape stereotype threat by misidentifying with the part of life in which the stereotype originates, such as race or ethnic identities. Emotional Sources of Prejudice Frustration & aggression: The Scapegoat Theory: When problems occur, people do not like to blame themselves. They will thus actively seek scapegoats onto whom they can displace their aggression. Scapegoats may be out-group individuals or even entire groups. Powerless people who cannot easily resist will often become victims of scapegoating. Scapegoating increases when people are frustrated &  seeking an outlet for their anger. The Realistic Group Conflict Theory When there are limited resources, then this leads to conflict, prejudice & discrimination between groups who seek that common resource. Cross-race/ Other-race Effect Refers to the tendency to more easily recognize members of one’s own race. A study was made which examined 271 real court cases. The results from this study showed that witnesses correctly identified 65 % of the defendants which were of the same race as them. On the other hand, 45% of the defendants were identified which belonged to a different race than the witnesses. Just-world Phenomenon The just-world phenomenon, refers to the tendency for people to believe that the world is â€Å"just† & so therefore people get what they deserve.† It wrongly colors our impression of â€Å"victims† of any sort. Controversies and Prominent Topics Sexism Nationalism Classism Sexual Discrimination Racism Religious Discrimination Linguistic Discrimination Reducing Prejudice The contact hypothesis The contact hypothesis predicts that prejudice can only be reduced when in-group and out-group members are brought together. In particular, there are six conditions that must be met to reduce prejudice, as were cultivated in Elliot Aronson’s Jigsaw Classroom. First, the in- and out- groups must have a degree of mutual interdependence. Second, both groups need to share a common goal. Third, the two groups must have equal status. Fourth, there  must be frequent opportunities for informal and interpersonal contact between groups. Fifth, there should be multiple contacts between the in- and the out- groups. Finally, social norms of equality must exist and be present to foster prejudice reduction.

Leg 100 Business Law I Quiz 1 - 918 Words

Course Business Law I Quiz 1 LEG100 This quiz consist of 20 multiple choice questions and covers the material in chapters 1 through 4. There are five questions from each chapter. Be sure you are in the correct Chapter when you take the quiz. †¢ Question 1 4 out of 4 points The ______ approach recognizes that â€Å"business decisions consist of continuous, interrelated economic and moral components.† Answer Selected Answer: Systems Correct Answer: Systems †¢ Question 2 4 out of 4 points The ______ approach to business and society introduced in the text is a descriptive framework that integrates legal and societal considerations with mainstream theories of competitive advantage and social†¦show more content†¦Answer Selected Answer: Constituency Correct Answer: Constituency †¢ Question 8 4 out of 4 points Monica tells all her employees that she expects them to treat others as they would like to be treated. Which of following is a descriptive term for Monica’s requirement? Answer Selected Answer: The Golden Rule Correct Answer: The Golden Rule †¢ Question 9 4 out of 4 points Which of the following is the leading association of CEOs in the United States? Answer Selected Answer: The Business Roundtable Correct Answer: The Business Roundtable †¢ Question 10 4 out of 4 points Which of the following is part of Kant’s categorical imperative? Answer Selected Answer: The form of an action rather than the intended result determines the ethical worth. Correct Answer: The form of an action rather than the intended result determines the ethical worth. †¢ Question 11 0 out of 4 points For diversity purposes, a corporation is deemed a citizenShow MoreRelatedTort and Social Media5492 Words   |  22 PagesLEG 100 – Business Law I COURSE DESCRIPTION Examines the legal environment of business, the sources of American law, and the basis of authority for government to regulate business. Provides a survey of tort law, contracts and the UCC, and the federal and state courts. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS Required Resources Bagley, C. E. (2013). Managers and the legal environment (7th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Supplemental Resources Short, J. L. (2012). The political turn in AmericanRead MoreArt History7818 Words   |  32 Pages• Chapter 1 Notes - Prehistoric Period o Paleolithic Period Ââ€" Old Stone Age #61607; Old and primitive period #61607; Around 50,000BC #61607; Artwork consisted of cave paintings #61607; Brutal period #61607; Average life expectancy was about 20 years o Neolithic Period Ââ€" New Stone Age #61607; Begins around 9,000BC #61607; Neolithic Revolution • Agriculture o Allows people luxury of staying in one place; stability and performance o Cornerstone of civilization • Domestic Architecture Read MoreTEFL Assignment Answers23344 Words   |  94 Pagesof instruction. 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Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as anRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbetter study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday StudentRead MoreDebonairs Pizza Product-Market Expansion Growth Strategies27204 Words   |  109 PagesMASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA YEAR 1) COURSE AND ASSIGNMENT HANDBOOK JULY 2010 INTAKE Course and Assignment Handbook – July 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 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The Success of the Pirates of the Caribbean in Appealing...

The Success of the Pirates of the Caribbean in Appealing to a Wide Audience Pirates of the Caribbean has a wide range of attractive qualities such as the fast paced action and the way the camera work, music and action fit in together to make a fantastic family film witch draws you to watch it again and again. The hero’s and villains play an interesting part but the best part is played by Johnny Depp as the anti-hero captain Jack Sparrow. His cunning personality makes you grin as even in the face of death he’s laughing and making jokes. For example towards the end of the film when he is about to be hung he is laughing at the crimes he is about to be hung for. He tricks people into†¦show more content†¦The fast paced action like the swordfight between him and Barbossa at the end, two immortal pirates locked in an everlasting battle. This makes the film wide ranged because has romance, action, comedy, and fantasy, this helps the film appeal to a wider audience. The fantasy part of the film in my opinion is the best aspect of the film. The idea of pirates and curses would fascinate the audience to watch with interest. It is a compelling story line which works well with the special effects. For example when Elizabeth first learns about the curse and doesn’t believe it she walks out onto the deck and sees’ all the all the pirates in their ghostly form. Any film goer would love this new and original storyline The camera angles work well in the different parts of the film. At the beginning of the film when we first see Elizabeth as a child the angle starts low and then zooms in on Elizabeth just the way the camera is positioned shows us that Elizabeth is an important character. In another part of the film when the undead pirates are walking on the sea bed the wide angle gives an affect that there are more pirates than there really are. This gives the film a better look which appeals to everyone that is watching. The range of music in the film is excellent. The music isShow MoreRelatedDisney: Marketing Analysis6567 Words   |  27 Pagescompleted as long as there was imagination left in the world, this statement still holds true to date. New attractions are added regularly and Disneyland still is a popular place for kids and parents to go together, as it was in 1955. After the success of Disneyland in California, it was natural to have sights for a bigger and better amusement park and not to mention a full vacation experience. Disney purchased 28,000 acres near Orlando and started building what we now know as the Walt DisneyRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesJUST BEGINNING Opening Case: Pinterest: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words Insight on Technology: Will Apps Make the Web Irrelevant? 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Essay about Beowulf and Superman - 601 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A hero is defined in classical mythology as a man, especially the son of a god and a mortal, who is famous for possessing some extraordinary gift. Beowulf, the title character of an epic poem and Superman, a more modern day hero are both prime examples. Beowulf and Superman exhibit several differences, but they also share some similar qualities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Beowulf possessed great strength that separated him from other men. Being able to use a sword that no ordinary man was able to carry gives the feeling that Beowulf is something more than a human being. It makes him special and causes him to stand out from all other men. Fame is something that makes a hero more noted. Beowulf’s popularity†¦show more content†¦He was doubtful about himself and knew that this battle would be his last. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Superman, also known as Clark Kent, is the most popular modern day hero. Superman spent most of his time saving people from natural disasters and corrupt businessmen. He would level slums to force the city to build decent housing, and he would use his powers to terrorize munitions makers. When Superman encounters Kryptonite for the first time it first appears as a red glowing substance, which Superman uses his powers on to trace its origin. Superman then pays for his discovery of Kryptonite when Luthor learns to synthesize it, causing it to remain green forever on. Gravity of Earth did not prove to be a good enough reason for Supermans powers, thus they attributed his super-senses to the yellow sun radiation, and his muscular strength, speed, and flight due to the Earths gravity. Due to the new explanation of his powers, Superman no longer had super powers on a world without a yellow sun. Lex Luthor and other villains began to create weapons that used quot;red sun radiationquot; which made Supermans life miserable. During the course of the battle for Truth and Justice, man and sword came together at last. Holding the sword, Superman found himself expanding, spreading across the winds of the universe. The entire history of creation flooded his mind, and his consciousness expanded as he became and all-seeing and allShow MoreRelatedBeowulf and Superman Essay689 Words   |  3 PagesBeowulf, an anonymous English epic, is an archaic poem written in the times of the Anglo-Saxon reign in England. It speaks of a mighty hero, Beowulf, who through his great courage, strength, and cunning is able to defeat evil and vicious monsters and save his people. Beowulf shows great power and resourcefulness, and in this way is similar to one of my heroes, Superman. Beowulf and Superman have many similarities and differences. Superman and Beowulf have some obvious similarities. ForRead MoreComparison of Beowulf to Superman966 Words   |  4 PagesHeroes. From the timeless tale of Beowulf to the well-known chronicles of Superman, cultures all throughout the world have taken it upon themselves to weave a fabrication of a fantastic being, said being a hero of a sorts, that always makes it to defeat the bad guy and save the day. Even whence we as human beings always tend to have our political, social, economic and religious differences, at the end of the day we all have one thing in common that fills our dreams with hopes of the future, of safetyRead MoreComparing Beowulf and Superman Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesThe epic Beowulf shows us how a mans’ character is tested as he encounters difficult situations. The unknown author of Beowulf, leaves behind a mystique, an intriguing quality with which the character which hold our interest. The modern-day hero, Superman, also possesses these same qualities. Their modest actions are what helped these hero’s to become their peoples’ â€Å"ideal man.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first quality that earns a person’s respect between Beowulf and SupermanRead MoreSimilarities Between Hero And Beowulf Superhero753 Words   |  4 Pagesabilities. Beowulf is a superhero like the well known superheroes in television. Beowulf has similar characteristics to Incredible Hulk, Superman, and Spider-Man. Although Beowulf shares many characteristics, he also has many that makes him unique. Beowulf is strong like Incredible Hulk, but does not hurt anyone unless necessary. Beowulf is brave like Superman, although he is not as big. Lastly, Beowulf is daring like Spider-Man, even though he cannot shoot webs from his hands. Beowulf is like noRead MoreBeowulf : Characteristics Of An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 PagesAhissa Rice Mrs. Scheel 2Y English 12 20/11/17 Beowulf: Characteristics of an Epic Hero In Anglo-Saxon literature and culture, to be considered a hero was to also be considered a warrior/ soldier. To be a hero, you had to not only be strong but you also had to be smart, and have plenty of courage. These warriors were willing to face any type of trials and tribulations at any odd. These types of heroic warriors would fight to the death to obtain glory and save their people. The Anglo-Saxon hero neededRead MoreThe Many Heroes of Our Day963 Words   |  4 Pagesto the king.. In the story Beowulf, it says Â….had been served as hed boasted hed serve them: Beowulf, a prince of the Geats, had killed Grendel... (Beowulf pg. 24 lines 119-120). It is clearly sated that he boasted about his victory in killing Grendel. It was not a humble action he had done, but one to gain more fame and glory and to emphasize his victory. And then, in the morning, crowds surrounded Herot, warriors coming to that hall from faraway landsÂ… (Beowulf pg. 24 lines 127- 129) TheRead MoreBeowulf vs. Modern Day Superhero726 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"It’s a bird...it’s a plane...no! It’s Superman!† When people say a modern day superhero, the names â€Å"Spiderman†, â€Å"Superman†, and â€Å"Catwoman† flash into mind. However, we forget about one of the most influential superheroes of today’s time; a soldier. Despite the differences, there are many similarities between Be owulf and a soldier because the two have more in common than we realize. As much as two great humans could have so much in common, Beowulf and a soldier have differences as most peopleRead MoreBeowulf As An Epic Hero Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf is considered to be an epic hero. A character such as himself can even be considered in the same class as different DC Comic heroes such Superman, Batman, Green Lantern or The Flash. It is acceptable to list Beowulf with these heroes due to all of his heroic efforts defeating various monsters and enemies and the fact that he has a DC Comic made about him. Beowulf is a hero that defies the logic of your typical comic book hero; he possesses his own attributes and is in a class of his own withRead MoreBeowulf Is The Hero Of All Heroes958 Words   |  4 Pagesabout their pros as in good things about them and their cons as in bad things. I will also choose one modern day hero to come pare my ancient hero to and tell you where he from either a movie or a comic book. Beowulf is my ancient hero. I chose Beowulf because of all the qualities he has. Beowulf is the hero of all heroes’ he is strong, and courageous. He would risk his own life to save other people life s. He never back down to any person or thing and has never run any from a fight. He throws hisRead More Heroism in Beowulf Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesSuperman, Spiderman, and Batman are heroes! They possess the two traits that are needed in western civilization to be considered a hero: wisdom and fortitude. These modern heroes have wisdom and fortitude. Did Beowulf possess these traits? Beowulf shows he is a hero through both his wisdom and fortitude throughout his adventures. Beowulf is a great hero because he possesses both wisdom and fortitude. Wisdom is one of the traits of hero, but what is wisdom. Wisdom is the ability to make the

Business Report of the Sunselect Property Group

Question: Discuss about the Business Report of the Sunselect Property Group with Respect to Sustainable Development. Answer: Introduction Business sustainability refers to the managing of triple bottom line that is managing the social, environmental and financial obligations, risks and opportunities (Bansal and DesJardine 2014, pp.70-78) . These three factors are also referred to as people, planet and profits. Corporate social responsibility is the discretionary commitment of a business concern that it will ensure the social well-being along with its corporate success. It is the responsibility of all businesses to improve its economic, social and environmental practices in order to ensure a sustainable business (Carroll 2015, pp.87-96). Sunselect Property Group Sunselect property group is a 50 years old property developer in Sydney. It has developed various commercial as well as residential properties in the past but in recent times, its reputation has been damaged due to its failure in keeping pace with developments in sustainable buildings. SPG is now working on a project that aims at providing affordable and energy efficient houses to ensure sustainable living. Findings and discussions The key issues found in the Sunselect property group are as follows: 1.Environmental problems: Sunselect property group has various negative impacts on the environment like dust pollution, deforestation, destruction of vegetation and many more. The construction materials used also have an adverse impact on the health of humans and animals. It also requires a lot of energy in its process. It has caused change in climate and global warming (Glasson, Therivel and Chadwick 2013). This has led to unsustainable business as it could not manage the environmental risks. The basic solution to this problem is usage of recycled construction materials such as steel and aluminum. The use of wood from managed forests shall also ensure that there is no harm done to the nature as it ensures that one tree is planted for every one tree cut. Various heavy machines are used in the construction process that uses non-renewable sources of energy. Instead of using the non-renewable energy, solar or wind energy must be put in use as they will never get exhausted. 2.Society: The unsustainable methods of construction have led to the devastation of the biodiversity (Khatib 2016). The construction activities of Sunselect property group have always affected the transport movements. This has caused inconvenience to the society. Another problem that came into limelight was that the company did not provide sufficient job opportunities in the areas of their construction. The excessive use of non-renewable resources has also affected the society as they lose their share over the resources that are being exhausted at a faster rate. The solution to the problem is that the changes in the traffic patterns must be minimized and the local people must be compensated in case of any inconvenience. 3.Economy: The construction of property on fertile lands has adversely affected the economy. Lands from the farmers have been bought by the company which has forced many farmers to relocate themselves (Regan, Love and Smith 2016, pp. 701-706). The company has paid basic amount to the farmers but the uneducated farmers are unable to find any other work in order to earn their livelihood. This has caused disruptions in their lives. The only solution to this problem is to avoid construction on the areas which are fertile lands and if very necessary, the company must provide enough compensation to the farmers so that they can easily relocate themselves. Recommendations The following steps must be taken by SPG in order to improve its reputation: SPG must ensure that its new project that is The Greenfields Development must strictly abide by the environmental laws. It must focus on the following aspects: Energy efficiency: The company still uses old construction methods and non-renewable resources during construction. The company must build a structure, which saves energy. The company must design its buildings in such a manner that there is proper ventilation with proper windows and use of insulation in the floor, walls and ceilings. They must use solar power in their construction process instead of non-renewable resources. Solar panels must be set up which would help in generation of electricity. The company must also promote the use of biogas in the society. Building green roof shall also be very beneficial in sustainable building construction. Water management: In the past, the company has never taken steps to conserve water and reduce its wastage. Therefore, the company must construct efficient toilets and urinals, which use less water. Rain water harvesting techniques must be used in order to utilize the rain water (Cook Sharma and Gurung 2014, pp.86-93). Good quality pipelines must be used that ensures that there would be no leakage. The company must also ensure that there is no wastage of water during the construction process. Waste management: The past records of the company shows that it has never made any arrangements for waste reduction. Therefore, the company must use recycled construction materials such as steel and aluminum. The use of wood from managed forests shall also help in reducing the wastes. At initial level, the company must take preventive steps for avoiding generation of excessive waste. Proper calculations must be done and accordingly the order for raw materials must be placed. The policy of reduce, reuse and recycle must be adopted for managing the waste. Further, the company must design composting toilets, grey water recycling facilities and food composting facilities to reduce the residential waste that would occur in future (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). The company must also aim at helping the society. Mere profit generation must not be the ultimate objective of the company. It is the corporate social responsibility of the company to ensure that it does not have any negative impact on the society (Azzi, Duc and Ha 2015, pp.122-127). Conclusion Being a 50 years old company, Sunselect Property Group must now design sustainable buildings in order to save its reputation in the market. The above mentioned steps must be taken by the company in order to ensure that it does not cause any harm to the environment and the society. The company must ensure that it performs its corporate social responsibilities and works for the development of the society. References Azzi, M., Duc, H. and Ha, Q.P., 2015. Toward sustainable energy usage in the power generation and construction sectorsa case study of Australia.Automation in Construction,59, pp.122-127. Bansal, P. and DesJardine, M.R., 2014. Business sustainability: It is about time.Strategic Organization,12(1), pp.70-78. Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility.Organizational Dynamics,44(2), pp.87-96. Cook, S., Sharma, A.K. and Gurung, T.R., 2014. Evaluation of alternative water sources for commercial buildings: A case study in Brisbane, Australia.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,89, pp.86-93. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Glasson, J., Therivel, R. and Chadwick, A., 2013.Introduction to environmental impact assessment. Routledge. Khatib, J. ed., 2016.Sustainability of construction materials. Woodhead Publishing. Regan, M., Love, P. and Smith, J., 2016. Whole life costing of infrastructure investment: Economic and social infrastructure projects in Australia. InInternational Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction(pp. 701-706).

An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Essay Example

An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Paper An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove Introduction The pace of change in the marketing communications industry has accelerated with the advent of the Internet and new media technologies. New technologies create new ways for marketers to reach consumers and are having an impact on the more traditional media, in terms of greater fragmentation of these media (Belch Belch). For the purpose of this report, the official website of Dove will be critically evaluated. With effective use of the response hierarchy models, an analysis will be conducted on how Dove is exploiting the Web for influencing consumers. The Role of Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) â€Å"Marketing communications is a management process through which an organisation engages with its various audiences. Through understanding an audience’s communications environment, organisations seek to develop and present messages for their identified stakeholder groups, before evaluating and acting upon the responses. By conveying messages that are of significant value, audiences are encouraged to offer attitudinal and behavioural responses† (Fill 2005, pp. 7). It was during the 1980s that firms started moving towards IMC, which essentially acknowledges the added value of a comprehensive plan that strategically evaluates the roles of a variety of communications tools and effectively combines these tools to provide maximum impact of communications (Belch Belch, 2004). Traditionally there are five principal marketing communications tools which include advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relation and direct marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An Evaluation of the Strategic Application of Integrated Marketing Communications for Dove specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Purpose of the website The website of a company can be considered as a promotional event on its own. The web is a place for individuals to communicate with others, organisations and individual alike (Rowley, 2004). The primary purpose behind the Dove website is to act as a rich information source targeted at the consumer; essentially females of all age groups. Such websites are generally referred to as non-transactional brochure websites. The website aims to provide information about the Dove brand, Dove products, Real Beauty philosophy and tools to attract users and enabling them to interact with the company. Although Dove does not sell directly to the consumer, unlike Body Shop, the website is very customer-centric due to the nature of the creative communications strategy – ‘Real Beauty’. Communications Objectives The communication objectives can vary from creating and increasing brand awareness to changing perceptions about the philosophy of the company that would ultimately affect behaviour. Possible communications objectives may include education and information, branding and image building, affecting attitudes, and loyalty and reminding (Christopher et al, 1995). In the case of Dove, the umbrella communication objective is to provide information to effectively change the target consumer’s knowledge, perceptions and attitudes towards the brand, which would eventually change behaviour. The content of the website is focused on the objective of branding, via brand building activities with the use of the marketing communications tools. The communication objectives also include dissemination of information about new and existing products, and about the Real Beauty campaign and the various activities and promotions that are linked with it, which are strongly aimed on changing mindsets of the target audience. Also included in the objectives is creating relationships (Rowley, 2004) and attaining customer loyalty, through direct interaction with customers and finding ways of making the brand more meaningful to them. Evaluation of the Response Hierarchy Models Belch Belch (2004) believe that perhaps the most important aspect of developing successful marketing communications programmes involves a comprehension of the response process the receiver may go through and how the promotional efforts of the marketer influence responses of the target consumers. The three renowned models of the response process include the AIDA model (Christopher et al, 1995; Fill, 2005; Belch Belch, 2004), hierarchy of effects model and the information-processing model (Fill, 2005; Belch Belch, 2004; Huizingh et al, 2003). The stages in all three models are represented by the cognitive, affective and behavioural stage. The hierarchy of effects model is based on the assumption that a consumer passes through a sequence of steps, which include awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction and purchase. While most of the steps in the information-processing model are similar to those of the hierarchy of effects model, a new step introduced is that of retention, which pertains to a customer retaining relevant information. The hierarchy of effects model is known to be effective in advertising (Belch Belch, 2004; Fill, 2005) and Huizingh et al (2003) has proven through experiments, the effectiveness of the model to websites as a marketing tool. Linking Marketing Communications Tools to Response Stages An analysis is undertaken below to identify the tools that appear to be the most effective at each stage of response. Advertising The core theme of the website is to inform the target audience about Dove’s philosophy of beauty, which is that, â€Å"beauty comes in different shapes, sizes and colours†. The philosophy is aimed at touching a nerve of females of all age groups and is in stark contrast with the popular culture which bombards us with unrealistic images of physical perfection (www. unilever. com). The brand pyramid exhibited below shows what Dove, as a brand, stands for at a glance. The website contains a section dedicated to Real Beauty which contains TV ads, inspirational articles, health and beauty articles, campaign promotions, awards, Ask the Expert feature and interactive beauty tools. There has been an argument over the effectiveness of ESPs (Emotional Selling Points) versus USPs (Unique Selling Points), wherein the former focuses on brand values based on emotion and imagery and the latter on a more functional, rational approach (Fill, 2005). Dove’s campaign clearly highlights the ESPs, as they stir a chord in the women’s heart, therefore creating both cognitive and affective responses. A slight area of concern about the Real Beauty Campaign is that while Ad Age (Neff, 2004) might consider the campaign as a step forward, with Dove’s sales increasing over the years, it is still to be seen how the campaign will be received over the long-term. Dove was initially launched with a unique functional benefit strengthened by support from dermatologists and formed a strong emotional link through its one-fourth moisturising cream. That struck a chord with women who liked Doves qualities of simplicity, gentleness and truthfulness, thereby creating a strong bond of trust. The Real Beauty campaign focuses on an important issue that women are facing worldwide but it may well be seen slightly disconnected with the brand’s history and prior positioning. Sales Promotion The sales promotions offered at the website include giving out free samples of Calming Night, Ultimate Clean, Good Stuff shampoo and Real Beauty T-shirts (on ? 15 purchases). All the free sampling is done for new products which are launched within their own interactive sections on the website. These sections assume the role of interactive advertisements on the net. The tool of sales promotion is therefore effectively being used on the website to induce trial of new products and can lead to covering all the stages in the hierarchy of effects model, starting from brand awareness (cognitive stage) to leading them to the behavioural stage (ordering free samples or purchasing Dove products worth ? 15). Direct Marketing The browser is enticed to join â€Å"YourDove† and register for Dove Dimension e-newsletter or magazine. â€Å"YourDove† entitles the user to previews of special offers and product innovations, articles from â€Å"Opera. om†, access to beauty editors and expert’s advice and provides tips to create their own personalised beauty care routines. Toll free contact numbers are available on the website for customer support and emergency calls. The website provides a link to enable the browser to give feedback to Dove and â€Å"Add Your Details† option. The direct marketing on the Dove website influence the browser at the cognitive and affective stages in the model. Public Relations One of the most crucial aspects in the success of the Real Beauty campaign has been the effective use of PR to affect the consumers at the cognitive and then the affective stage. The â€Å"Dove in the News† section contains a number of press releases that were published in various newspapers and magazines. The Power of Word of Mouth (WoM) All product detail pages have a link to enable the browser to send the page to a friend by email. A link for the campaign for Real Beauty website (www. campaignforrealbeauty. com) is available in the Real Beauty section, which takes the browser into a detailed version of the activities related to the campaign (advertisements, surveys, Self Esteem Fund, voting by browsers on their notions of their beauty, message board for females etc. . This provides the browsers with an online platform to engage in meaningful dialogues about the campaign by sharing their views and experiences, which results in an overwhelming experience for the browsers. This takes the concept of the effectiveness and power of WoM to a new level, thereby affecting the browser at a cognitive level and possibly at the affective level in case of the onl ine forum, if he/she happens to read some really heart-warming experiences. Other important elements of the website There is consistency and clarity in the flow of the website and the use of brand colours, language and design aspects give a very welcoming feel to the browser. One aspect of peculiar interest in the website is the â€Å"We’re listening† section wherein the browser can find the FAQ, store locator and contact us sections. The FAQ section contains information on Dove’s promotions and offers, the availability of coupons in newspapers and magazines and the plans of making these coupons available to Dove subscribers. If a consumer has to track an order that he places, the only way is via emailing Dove, as they do not email the consumers about how the item is being tracked, which is a weakness of the website. It is intriguing to note that information about product ingredients, product lifetime and information about some of the brand values is in the FAQ section. Facts like Dove is committed with a limited number of organisations in donating products for charity, the company’s ethical stance on animal testing and its stance on recycling and environment are only available in the FAQ section. Other information about Dove’s beauty philosophy including the Self Esteem Fund etc. is also found in the FAQ section. The problem here is that vital information about the brand is lying in a section, which is quite invisible to the browser. Notably this information can play a key role at the cognitive stage. Conclusion Recommendations It has been noted that the Internet is having a huge impact on the marketing communications programmes of companies. The hierarchy of effects model was used to analyse how Dove is exploiting the Web for influencing consumers. In this analysis of the website, it is concluded that the marketing communications tools of advertising, sales promotion public relations, direct marketing and word of mouth have been effectively used to influence the browser at the cognitive and affective stages of response. It is seen that the tools can influence the browser at more than one stage at a particular time. It appears that the tools of advertising, direct marketing, public relations and word of mouth, in case of Dove’s website, influence the browser at the cognitive and affective levels. Sales promotion, however, seemingly has an influence on the cognitive, affective and behavioural stages of response. The website overall is quite focused on the creative communication platform of Real beauty, which is integrated into many features of the website, which influences the browser strongly at the affective stage. The weaknesses of the website include the lack of visibility of brand values to the browser, so it is recommended that a separate section for brand values should be created. Also, some of the aspects of the website are not integrated well, especially those pertaining to sales promotions, for which the browser has to visit another linked website. If these features were better integrated into the website, it would create a more synergising and integrated experience for the browser. Lastly, while the Real Beauty campaign, which is at the heart of Dove’s marketing communications strategy, is creating waves in the media presently, not much can be said about the future of the campaign as it deviates ever so slightly from the previous positioning of the brand. Never the less, Dove appears to be a very caring and supportive brand. The website achieves the communications objectives satisfactorily and can therefore be deemed as successful. It influences the browser more at the cognitive and affective stages of response and lesser at the behavioural stage, which is acceptable due to the non-transactional nature of the website. Appendix Screenshot 1 Screenshot 2 Screenshot 3 Screenshot 4 Screenshot 5 Screenshot 6 Screenshot 7 List of References Kotler, P. (2003), Marketing Management, 11th ed. , Pearson Education, Inc. Baker, J. M. (1996), Marketing: A introductory text, 6th ed. , MacMillan Books, pp. 50-66, 342-412. Belch, E. G. Belch, A. M. (2004), Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, 6th ed. , McGraw-Hill. Berger, E. I. , Cunningham H. P. Kozinets, V. R. (1999), Consumer persuasion through Cause-Related Advertising, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 26, pp. 491-497. Berthon, P. , Pitt, L. Watson, T. R. (1996), Marketing communication and the World Wide Web, Business Horizons, pp. 24-32. Brin? ol, P. , Petty, E. R. Tormala, L. Z. 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